{ "name": "Atlantic Beach, New York", "url": "https://longislandtraffic.com/towns/nassau/atlantic-beach/", "updated": "2026-09-17", "publisher": "Long Island Traffic (https://longislandtraffic.com)", "methodology": "https://longislandtraffic.com/towns/methodology/", "reuse": "Quote with credit and a link to the page URL above. Underlying federal and state datasets are public records.", "geography": { "slug": "atlantic-beach", "county": "nassau", "censusName": "Atlantic Beach village", "geoType": "incorporated place", "legalStatus": "village", "geoid": "3602968", "gnisId": "2391528", "pop2020": 1707, "housingUnits2020": 1046, "landSqMi": 0.44, "waterSqMi": 0.58, "densityPerSqMi": 3857, "internalPoint": [ 40.58606, -73.7251 ], "parentTown": "Hempstead town", "parentTownGeoid": "3605934000", "townShares": [ { "name": "Hempstead town", "share": 1 } ] }, "fatalCrashes2010to2024": { "period": "2010–2024", "crashes": 2, "deaths": 2, "pedestrianDeaths": 1, "bicyclistDeaths": 0, "motorcyclistDeaths": 1, "crashesWithDriverBac08": 1, "multiFatalityCrashes": 0, "onLimitedAccessHighways": { "crashes": 0, "deaths": 0 }, "deathsPer100kResidentsPerYear": 7.8, "byYear": [ { "year": 2010, "crashes": 1, "deaths": 1 }, { "year": 2011, "crashes": 0, "deaths": 0 }, { "year": 2012, "crashes": 0, "deaths": 0 }, { "year": 2013, "crashes": 0, "deaths": 0 }, { "year": 2014, "crashes": 0, "deaths": 0 }, { "year": 2015, "crashes": 1, "deaths": 1 }, { "year": 2016, "crashes": 0, "deaths": 0 }, { "year": 2017, "crashes": 0, "deaths": 0 }, { "year": 2018, "crashes": 0, "deaths": 0 }, { "year": 2019, "crashes": 0, "deaths": 0 }, { "year": 2020, "crashes": 0, "deaths": 0 }, { "year": 2021, "crashes": 0, "deaths": 0 }, { "year": 2022, "crashes": 0, "deaths": 0 }, { "year": 2023, "crashes": 0, "deaths": 0 }, { "year": 2024, "crashes": 0, "deaths": 0 } ], "byTimeOfDay": { "known": 2, "morning6to10": 1, "midday10to16": 0, "evening16to20": 1, "night20to6": 0 }, "darkShare": 1, "topRoads": [ { "name": "Pake St", "slug": null, "crashes": 1, "deaths": 1 }, { "name": "Park St", "slug": null, "crashes": 1, "deaths": 1 } ], "roadOwnership": { "period": "2015–2024", "crashes": 1, "owners": [ { "owner": "Town or Township Highway Agency", "crashes": 1 } ] } }, "allReportedCrashes": { "years": [ "2021", "2022", "2023", "2024" ], "scope": "village", "municipalityCode": "ATLANTIC BEACH", "label": "Village of Atlantic Beach", "total": 108, "fatal": 0, "injury": 30, "propertyDamageOnly": 78, "byYear": { "2021": 24, "2022": 32, "2023": 24, "2024": 28 }, "pedestrian": 1, "bicyclist": 3, "deer": 0, "otherAnimal": 0 }, "commute": { "workers16plus": 629, "commutersNotWorkingFromHome": 468, "meanTravelMinutes": { "value": 44.5, "moe": 13.3, "lowReliability": false }, "pct60MinPlus": { "value": 32.3, "moe": 7.9, "lowReliability": false }, "pct90MinPlus": { "value": 13.2, "moe": 5.3, "lowReliability": false }, "pctUnder15Min": { "value": 13.2, "moe": 6.3, "lowReliability": false }, "pctDroveAlone": { "value": 55.6, "moe": 7.6, "lowReliability": false }, "pctCarpooled": { "value": 3.8, "moe": 2.5, "lowReliability": true }, "pctPublicTransit": { "value": 11.3, "moe": 4.3, "lowReliability": false }, "pctCommuterRail": { "value": 9.4, "moe": 3.8, "lowReliability": false }, "pctBus": { "value": 0, "moe": 2.2, "lowReliability": true }, "pctWalked": { "value": 2.5, "moe": 2.3, "lowReliability": true }, "pctBicycle": { "value": 0.5, "moe": 0.8, "lowReliability": true }, "pctWorkedFromHome": { "value": 25.6, "moe": 6.3, "lowReliability": false }, "pctLeaveBefore6am": { "value": 13.9, "moe": 5.8, "lowReliability": false }, "pctLeaveBefore7am": { "value": 20.3, "moe": 6.3, "lowReliability": false }, "households": 599, "pctNoVehicle": { "value": 4, "moe": 3.4, "lowReliability": true }, "pctThreePlusVehicles": { "value": 16.5, "moe": 6.1, "lowReliability": false }, "medianHouseholdIncome": { "value": 165565, "moe": 10045 }, "medianAge": { "value": 59.1, "moe": 6.7 } }, "benchmarks": { "county": { "workers16plus": 679059, "commutersNotWorkingFromHome": 573233, "meanTravelMinutes": { "value": 36, "moe": 0.5, "lowReliability": false }, "pct60MinPlus": { "value": 22.3, "moe": 0.5, "lowReliability": false }, "pct90MinPlus": { "value": 7.6, "moe": 0.3, "lowReliability": false }, "pctUnder15Min": { "value": 17.9, "moe": 0.5, "lowReliability": false }, "pctDroveAlone": { "value": 60.7, "moe": 0.5, "lowReliability": false }, "pctCarpooled": { "value": 7.3, "moe": 0.3, "lowReliability": false }, "pctPublicTransit": { "value": 12.5, "moe": 0.4, "lowReliability": false }, "pctCommuterRail": { "value": 7.1, "moe": 0.3, "lowReliability": false }, "pctBus": { "value": 2.2, "moe": 0.2, "lowReliability": false }, "pctWalked": { "value": 2, "moe": 0.2, "lowReliability": false }, "pctBicycle": { "value": 0.2, "moe": 0.1, "lowReliability": false }, "pctWorkedFromHome": { "value": 15.6, "moe": 0.4, "lowReliability": false }, "pctLeaveBefore6am": { "value": 10.8, "moe": 0.4, "lowReliability": false }, "pctLeaveBefore7am": { "value": 26.6, "moe": 0.6, "lowReliability": false }, "households": 458166, "pctNoVehicle": { "value": 6.8, "moe": 0.3, "lowReliability": false }, "pctThreePlusVehicles": { "value": 23.3, "moe": 0.5, "lowReliability": false }, "medianHouseholdIncome": { "value": 146202, "moe": 1472 }, "medianAge": { "value": 42, "moe": 0.2 } }, "state": { "workers16plus": 9306567, "commutersNotWorkingFromHome": 7916632, "meanTravelMinutes": { "value": 32.6, "moe": 0.1, "lowReliability": false }, "pct60MinPlus": { "value": 16.8, "moe": 0.1, "lowReliability": false }, "pct90MinPlus": { "value": 5.3, "moe": 0.1, "lowReliability": false }, "pctUnder15Min": { "value": 20.5, "moe": 0.2, "lowReliability": false }, "pctDroveAlone": { "value": 48.8, "moe": 0.1, "lowReliability": false }, "pctCarpooled": { "value": 6.3, "moe": 0.1, "lowReliability": false }, "pctPublicTransit": { "value": 21.6, "moe": 0.1, "lowReliability": false }, "pctCommuterRail": { "value": 1.8, "moe": 0, "lowReliability": false }, "pctBus": { "value": 5.1, "moe": 0.1, "lowReliability": false }, "pctWalked": { "value": 5.6, "moe": 0.1, "lowReliability": false }, "pctBicycle": { "value": 0.8, "moe": 0, "lowReliability": false }, "pctWorkedFromHome": { "value": 14.9, "moe": 0.1, "lowReliability": false }, "pctLeaveBefore6am": { "value": 10.6, "moe": 0.1, "lowReliability": false }, "pctLeaveBefore7am": { "value": 26.3, "moe": 0.2, "lowReliability": false }, "households": 7722646, "pctNoVehicle": { "value": 29.2, "moe": 0.1, "lowReliability": false }, "pctThreePlusVehicles": { "value": 11.8, "moe": 0.1, "lowReliability": false }, "medianHouseholdIncome": { "value": 85974, "moe": 402 }, "medianAge": { "value": 39.8, "moe": 0.1 } }, "nation": { "workers16plus": 159114094, "commutersNotWorkingFromHome": 135071605, "meanTravelMinutes": { "value": 26.4, "moe": 0, "lowReliability": false }, "pct60MinPlus": { "value": 8.6, "moe": 0, "lowReliability": false }, "pct90MinPlus": { "value": 2.7, "moe": 0, "lowReliability": false }, "pctUnder15Min": { "value": 26, "moe": 0, "lowReliability": false }, "pctDroveAlone": { "value": 68.8, "moe": 0.1, "lowReliability": false }, "pctCarpooled": { "value": 8.5, "moe": 0, "lowReliability": false }, "pctPublicTransit": { "value": 3.2, "moe": 0, "lowReliability": false }, "pctCommuterRail": { "value": 0.3, "moe": 0, "lowReliability": false }, "pctBus": { "value": 1.5, "moe": 0, "lowReliability": false }, "pctWalked": { "value": 2.4, "moe": 0, "lowReliability": false }, "pctBicycle": { "value": 0.4, "moe": 0, "lowReliability": false }, "pctWorkedFromHome": { "value": 15.1, "moe": 0, "lowReliability": false }, "pctLeaveBefore6am": { "value": 14.4, "moe": 0, "lowReliability": false }, "pctLeaveBefore7am": { "value": 32.5, "moe": 0, "lowReliability": false }, "households": 129227496, "pctNoVehicle": { "value": 8.4, "moe": 0, "lowReliability": false }, "pctThreePlusVehicles": { "value": 21.9, "moe": 0, "lowReliability": false }, "medianHouseholdIncome": { "value": 80734, "moe": 166 }, "medianAge": { "value": 38.9, "moe": 0.1 } } }, "research": { "researchedAt": "2026-09-17", "identity": { "officialName": "Incorporated Village of Atlantic Beach", "placeType": "incorporated village", "parentTown": "Town of Hempstead", "alsoIn": [], "formerNames": [], "nameOrigin": { "text": "Named Atlantic Beach by its first developer, Stephen P. Pettit, when his company Atlantic Beach Associates purchased the property in 1923 to develop as a resort beachfront community.", "src": [ 1 ] }, "founded": { "text": "In 1923 Atlantic Beach Associates, headed by Stephen P. Pettit, a Freeport banker and former sheriff, purchased the barrier-island property to develop 3,500 lots and named it Atlantic Beach; the venture struggled, and in 1926 developer William Austin, with associate C.N. Talbot, formed Island Park Associates and bought the land for $4,000,000.", "src": [ 1, 2 ] }, "incorporated": { "text": "1962, after 15 years of incorporation efforts; the Village held its first election in June 1962", "src": [ 3 ] }, "gnisId": null, "wikidataId": null }, "quickFacts": [ { "label": "Legal status", "value": "Incorporated village, Town of Hempstead, Nassau County", "src": [ 3 ] }, { "label": "Incorporated", "value": "1962; the only village on the barrier island to incorporate since 1938", "src": [ 3 ] }, { "label": "First mayor", "value": "Fred Lager, elected with the first Village Board in 1962, served 28 years", "src": [ 4 ] }, { "label": "Government", "value": "Mayor and Board of Trustees; current Mayor Barry M. Frohlinger", "src": [ 5 ] }, { "label": "Police", "value": "Nassau County Police Department, Fourth Precinct", "src": [ 5, 8 ] }, { "label": "Court", "value": "Atlantic Beach Justice Court, 65 The Plaza", "src": [ 6 ] }, { "label": "Fire protection", "value": "Long Beach Fire Department (cross-jurisdictional arrangement)", "src": [ 7 ] }, { "label": "Rescue/EMS", "value": "Atlantic Beach Rescue", "src": [ 7 ] }, { "label": "Prior written notice law", "value": "Village Code Ch. 200, Art. III, \"Damages due to defective highways or property; notice to Village required\" (§200-13 to §200-15)", "src": [ 9 ] }, { "label": "Bridge", "value": "Atlantic Beach Bridge (NY 878), owned/operated by the Nassau County Bridge Authority; original span opened June 29, 1927, current span opened May 10, 1952", "src": [ 11, 12 ] } ], "timeline": [ { "date": "1923", "label": "First development company", "text": "Atlantic Beach Associates, headed by Freeport banker and former sheriff Stephen P. Pettit, purchased the property intending to develop 3,500 lots as a resort beachfront community.", "src": [ 1 ] }, { "date": "1926", "label": "Second developer", "text": "William Austin, with associate C.N. Talbot, formed Island Park Associates and purchased the land for $4,000,000.", "src": [ 2 ] }, { "date": "1927-06-29", "label": "First bridge opens", "text": "The original Atlantic Beach Bridge opened and was officially dedicated, giving the barrier island its first fixed connection to the mainland.", "src": [ 11 ] }, { "date": "1950-10-14", "label": "New bridge groundbreaking", "text": "A ground-breaking ceremony was held for the current, replacement Atlantic Beach Bridge.", "src": [ 12 ] }, { "date": "1952-05-10", "label": "Current bridge opens", "text": "The current Atlantic Beach Bridge had its ribbon-cutting.", "src": [ 12 ] }, { "date": "1962-06", "label": "Village incorporated", "text": "After 15 years of local effort, the Village of Atlantic Beach was incorporated and held its first Village election, electing Fred Lager as its first mayor.", "src": [ 3, 4 ] } ], "sections": [ { "id": "history", "heading": "History", "paragraphs": [ "Atlantic Beach's history as a planned community begins in 1923, when Atlantic Beach Associates, a private company headed by Stephen P. Pettit — a Freeport banker and former sheriff — purchased the barrier-island property to develop 3,500 lots and gave it its present name, with Pettit envisioning a resort beachfront community.[1] That venture did not fully succeed, and in 1926 a second developer, William Austin, together with associate C.N. Talbot, formed Island Park Associates and bought the land for $4,000,000 to continue the project.[2] The original Atlantic Beach Bridge — the barrier island's first fixed link to the mainland, at Lawrence — opened and was officially dedicated on June 29, 1927.[11]", "During the Second World War a 120-foot concrete lookout tower was built at the tip of Silverpoint, at the island's western end, and the bridge together with its Silverpoint approaches was designated an emergency military route in wartime.[10] Traffic congestion eventually outgrew the 1927 span, which had only 13 feet of vertical clearance; a ground-breaking for a replacement bridge was held October 14, 1950, and the new span's ribbon-cutting followed on May 10, 1952.[12]", "Incorporation took much longer to achieve than development itself: a 2012 New York State Senate resolution marking the village's fiftieth anniversary recounts that the Village of Atlantic Beach was incorporated in 1962 \"after 15 years of effort by and on behalf of the people of Atlantic Beach,\" and states that Atlantic Beach is \"the only village on the island which became incorporated since 1938.\"[3] The first Village election, held in June 1962, elected Fred Lager as the community's first mayor; the same resolution calls him \"long serving and highly esteemed,\" noting he served 28 years before Stephen Mahler succeeded him in 1996.[4]" ] }, { "id": "roads", "heading": "How the roads got here", "paragraphs": [ "Atlantic Beach's only fixed road connection to the mainland is the Atlantic Beach Bridge, a 1,173-foot toll drawbridge carrying NY 878 across the west end of Reynolds Channel to Lawrence, and providing further access to the Rockaway Peninsula via Seagirt Boulevard.[13] The bridge is owned and operated by the Nassau County Bridge Authority, headquartered in Lawrence, whose own account states the original 1927 bridge was replaced by the current span in 1952, which was itself rebuilt in 1998.[13] New York State's official touring-route description places NY 878 — locally the Nassau Expressway in this stretch — running through Cedarhurst, Inwood, Lawrence and Atlantic Beach via the Atlantic Beach Bridge.[14] Within the village, Park Street runs the length of the barrier-island community and Ocean Boulevard runs along the oceanfront; ownership of these local streets was not confirmed in a government source beyond the Village's own code.[9]" ] }, { "id": "law", "heading": "Law and legal history", "paragraphs": [ "As an incorporated village, Atlantic Beach keeps its own prior-written-notice law: Village Code Chapter 200 (\"Streets and Sidewalks\"), Article III, comprising §200-13, \"Damages due to defective highways or property; notice to Village required,\" §200-14, \"Method of service of written notice by witness; contents,\" and §200-15, \"Time of filing prior to occurrence.\"[9] The same chapter's Articles I and II separately regulate sidewalk construction, maintenance and street-opening permits.[9]", "Atlantic Beach's incorporation in 1962 came after a fifteen-year local campaign and made it, per the New York State Senate's own account, the only village on the barrier island to have incorporated since 1938 — a legal distinction that sets it apart from Nassau County's many older, nineteenth-century-chartered villages such as Lawrence and Cedarhurst.[3]" ] }, { "id": "government", "heading": "Government, courts and policing", "paragraphs": [ "The Village is governed by an elected Mayor — currently Barry M. Frohlinger — and a Board of Trustees that meets the second Monday of each month at 7:30 p.m. in Village Hall, 65 The Plaza.[5] The Atlantic Beach Justice Court, at the same address, has jurisdiction over \"all Village ordinances and New York State traffic regulations,\" convening twice a month on Wednesday evenings at 7:00 p.m.[6] The Nassau County Police Department's Fourth Precinct patrols Atlantic Beach along with the rest of the Five Towns and neighboring barrier-island communities; the Village's own emergency-contacts page lists the department's Mineola headquarters number for police.[5][8] Fire protection is provided under a cross-jurisdictional arrangement by the Long Beach Fire Department, and emergency medical response by Atlantic Beach Rescue; the nearest hospital listed by the Village is Mount Sinai South Nassau.[7]" ] }, { "id": "transit", "heading": "Railroad and transit", "paragraphs": [ "Atlantic Beach has no LIRR station of its own; its only fixed connection to the rail network and the mainland is by road across the Atlantic Beach Bridge to Lawrence, which has its own Far Rockaway Branch station.[13]" ] } ], "legalCases": [], "landmarks": [ { "name": "Silverpoint lookout tower (site)", "designation": "120-foot concrete coastal-defense lookout tower built during World War II at the tip of Silverpoint, at the village's western end; the bridge and its Silverpoint approaches were designated an emergency military route in wartime.", "src": [ 10 ] }, { "name": "Atlantic Beach Bridge (NY 878)", "designation": "Original span opened June 29, 1927; current span opened May 10, 1952 and rebuilt 1998; owned and operated by the Nassau County Bridge Authority. No register listing verified.", "src": [ 11, 12, 13 ] } ], "notableFacts": [ { "text": "Atlantic Beach's first developer, in 1923, was Stephen P. Pettit, a Freeport banker and former sheriff who planned to build 3,500 lots on the barrier island.", "src": [ 1 ] }, { "text": "A second developer, William Austin and his associate C.N. Talbot, bought the Atlantic Beach property for $4,000,000 in 1926 after the first development company's plans fell short.", "src": [ 2 ] }, { "text": "During World War II a 120-foot concrete lookout tower stood at the tip of Silverpoint in Atlantic Beach, and the bridge's Silverpoint approaches were designated an emergency military route.", "src": [ 10 ] }, { "text": "Atlantic Beach did not incorporate as a village until 1962, after a 15-year local campaign — making it, per a New York State Senate resolution, the only village on the barrier island to incorporate since 1938.", "src": [ 3 ] }, { "text": "Atlantic Beach's first mayor, Fred Lager, served for 28 years after the village's first election in June 1962.", "src": [ 4 ] }, { "text": "Atlantic Beach's fire protection is provided by the Long Beach Fire Department, a separate municipality, rather than a department of its own.", "src": [ 7 ] } ], "sources": [ { "id": 1, "title": "Senate Resolution 2011-K1604, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Village of Atlantic Beach (1923 development)", "publisher": "New York State Senate", "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/resolutions/2011/k1604", "year": "2012", "type": "government" }, { "id": 2, "title": "Senate Resolution 2011-K1604 (1926 Island Park Associates)", "publisher": "New York State Senate", "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/resolutions/2011/k1604", "year": "2012", "type": "government" }, { "id": 3, "title": "Senate Resolution 2011-K1604 (1962 incorporation)", "publisher": "New York State Senate", "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/resolutions/2011/k1604", "year": "2012", "type": "government" }, { "id": 4, "title": "Senate Resolution 2011-K1604 (first mayor Fred Lager)", "publisher": "New York State Senate", "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/resolutions/2011/k1604", "year": "2012", "type": "government" }, { "id": 5, "title": "Administration", "publisher": "Incorporated Village of Atlantic Beach, NY", "url": "https://www.atlanticbeachny.gov/administration", "year": "2026", "type": "government" }, { "id": 6, "title": "Village Court", "publisher": "Incorporated Village of Atlantic Beach, NY", "url": "https://www.atlanticbeachny.gov/village-court", "year": "2026", "type": "government" }, { "id": 7, "title": "Helpful Numbers & Links", "publisher": "Incorporated Village of Atlantic Beach, NY", "url": "https://www.atlanticbeachny.gov/helpful-numbers-links", "year": "2026", "type": "government" }, { "id": 8, "title": "About Fourth Precinct", "publisher": "Nassau County Police Department", "url": "https://www.pdcn.org/283/About-Precinct", "year": "2026", "type": "government" }, { "id": 9, "title": "Chapter 200, Streets and Sidewalks (Article III, prior written notice)", "publisher": "Village of Atlantic Beach, NY (eCode360)", "url": "https://www.ecode360.com/7203276", "year": "2026", "type": "government" }, { "id": 10, "title": "Senate Resolution 2011-K1604 (Silverpoint lookout tower)", "publisher": "New York State Senate", "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/resolutions/2011/k1604", "year": "2012", "type": "government" }, { "id": 11, "title": "Senate Resolution 2011-K1604 (1927 bridge dedication)", "publisher": "New York State Senate", "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/resolutions/2011/k1604", "year": "2012", "type": "government" }, { "id": 12, "title": "Senate Resolution 2011-K1604 (1950-52 replacement bridge)", "publisher": "New York State Senate", "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/resolutions/2011/k1604", "year": "2012", "type": "government" }, { "id": 13, "title": "About Us (Nassau County Bridge Authority)", "publisher": "Nassau County Bridge Authority", "url": "https://www.ncbaabb.com/about-us/", "year": "2026", "type": "government" }, { "id": 14, "title": "Official Description of Highway Touring Routes, Bicycle Touring Routes, Scenic Byways, & Commemorative/Memorial Designations in New York State (NY 878 entry)", "publisher": "New York State Department of Transportation", "url": "https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/operating/oom/transportation-systems/repository/2017%20tour-bk.pdf", "year": "2017", "type": "government" } ] }, "dataSources": { "census2020": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau, TIGERweb — 2020 Census tabulation geography (POP100, HU100, AREALAND)", "url": "https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/tigerWMS_Census2020/MapServer", "retrieved": "2026-09-17" }, "acs": { "name": "U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2020–2024 5-Year Estimates, tables B08303, B08013, B08301, B08302, B08201, B19013, B01002", "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/", "period": "2020–2024", "retrieved": "2026-09-17", "note": "Survey estimates with 90% margins of error. lowReliability = coefficient of variation above 30%." }, "fars": { "name": "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), 2010–2024 national files", "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/file-downloads?p=nhtsa/downloads/FARS/", "retrieved": "2026-09-17", "preliminaryYears": [ 2024 ], "note": "Crashes on public trafficways in which a person died within 30 days. No personal identifiers. Placed by reported coordinates into 2020 Census boundaries." }, "nys": { "name": "New York State Department of Motor Vehicles, Motor Vehicle Crashes — Case Information: Four Year Window", "url": "https://data.ny.gov/Transportation/Motor-Vehicle-Crashes-Case-Information-Four-Year-W/e8ky-4vqe", "period": "2021–2024", "retrieved": "2026-09-17", "note": "Police-reported crashes coded to a town, city or village by the reporting agency. Hamlets are not coded; hamlet pages show the parent town." } } }